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Modern cameras often use two kinds of AF sensor: normal, and cross-type. While normal-type AF sensors notably struggle focusing on high-contrast vertical lines, cross-type sensors, though more sophisticated (and appropriately more expensive), have an easier time focusing in that situation.

Because of the added cost of including a large number of cross-type sensors, cheaper cameras often include just one such sensor at the center AF point, with mid-range cameras often having a cluster around the center point and high-end cameras having even more cross-type sensors in various configurations.

Looking at a breakdown of some of the highest-end cameras, even in a space where prices are well into the four digits, there's still a decent amount of normal-type AF sensors:

• Both the Nikon D5 and D850 have ~150 sensors of which 99 are cross-type




• Canon's flagship EOS 1DX mk II, as well as their 5D mk IV have 61 sensors with 41 cross-types

Given that even in these super-expensive flagship and high-end models, around 1/3 of the AF sensors are still very consistently normal-type, I'd like to know; is this a purely economic design choice, or does packing too many cross-type AF sensors create exponentially difficult technical hurdles?

In actuality, a cross type AF sensor is just two "normal" AF sensors, one with the lines oriented in a vertical direction and the other with the lines oriented in a horizontal direction, that are superimposed over the same area.

Non cross-type AF sensors can be either vertical, horizontal, or even diagonal. Some very early AF film cameras with a single center AF "point" used a diagonally oriented line.

Each "normal" AF "point" is a pair of lines that collect light from the same "point" in the camera's field of view that enters the lens on opposite sides of the lens' front element.

A "cross-type" AF point uses two pairs of lines, one vertical and one horizontal.

Most cameras that have "normal" non cross-type AF sensors use a mix of some that are horizontal and some that are vertical.

This "map" is of the Canon 6D AF system. The small black squares are all that are visible in the viewfinder. The blue rectangles (along with the orange one at the center) indicate the actual area of sensitivity for each AF "point."

Notice that the outer four AF "points" on each side are vertically oriented and sensitive at f/5.6, the inner three "points" are horizontally oriented and sensitive to f/5.6. The center AF point also has a vertically oriented f/5.6 line and another horizontal line sensitive to f/2.8.

A dual-diagonal cross-type AF "point" generally has a vertical and horizontal pair of sensor line sets, as well as a pair of diagonal sensor line sets that are 90° to one another forming an "X" over the "+" of the vertical/horizontal pairs.

Here's the "map" for the Canon EOS 5D Mark III, 5D Mark IV, and 1D X Mark II:

Again, the light gray squares are all one sees in the viewfinder, but the black lines show actual areas of sensitivity.

Here's what the AF sensor array used in those cameras looks like.

The lines for each AF "point" don't need to have a physical correspondence to their location in the camera's viewfinder because microlenses at the entry of the AF unit redirect incoming light to the correct line on the array. You can see that the diagonal lines for the diagonal f/2.8 sensitive parts of the center five "points" are spread wider apart than the horizontal/vertical lines for the same AF "points". This wider spread between the each line is what makes them more sensitive at f/2.8 and also what makes them not sensitive at apertures of F/4 and narrower.

There are multiple sets of "splitter" microlenses that sit where light reflected from a DSLR's secondary mirror enters the PDAF unit. Each microlens is aimed at a specific point in the image circle projected by the lens on one side, and at a specific point on the PDAF sensor on the other side.

Here is the microlens array that sits over the AF sensor for the simple "9 point" AF system of the original Canon 5D (images of arrays of the "splitter" microlenses seem very hard to come by - I can't find any of the ones used for more advanced AF systems):

Keep in mind that Nikon's D5 and D500 only have 55 user selectable AF points of which 35 (shown below as red squares) are cross-type. The rest are "assist" points (shown below as dots) that are not user selectable.

So why would such expensive and advanced cameras include some AF points that are not all cross-type?

It's partially economics, because adding more AF "points" does cost more, but it is also partly due to physical and design constraints.

Assuming a lens is properly aligned (each element is centered with no tilt or spacing errors) and pointed at a uniformly bright field, the center AF "point" will always get the most usable light. As one moves away from center, the amount of light will fall off - and so will AF performance of otherwise identical AF "points". It's all about angles and some of the same things that causes brightness to fall of on the edges and corners of a lens' field of view.

There's also the amount of data processing needed for each AF "point." At some point the law of diminishing returns kicks in and the extra processing power needed to make all 61 AF "points" or all 55 AF "points" cross-type points can be better put to advantage doing something else, such as combining distance information from the PDAF sensor with color information from an RGB+IR color sensitive metering sensor to assist in tracking moving subjects. This is something cameras such as the 1D X Mark II and D5 do extremely well.

So in the end some of the design decisions are based on how finite resources can best be used to give the camera's AF system better overall performance for specific tasks.

Canon, for example, has a few bodies that are lower end than the 5D Mark IV or 1D X Mark II which do offer all cross-type AF points. The 80D, 77D, and even Rebel T7i/800D all share a 45 point AF sensor with all cross-type "points." The 6D Mark II uses a FF version of the same PDAF sensor array.

Forty-five cross-type AF "points equates to 90 pairs of line, plus an additional two pairs of lines for the dual diagonal AF "point" in the center. That's still fewer lines than the 112 pairs of lines needed for the flagship bodies to have 41 cross-type, 20 "normal", and an additional ten pairs of lines for the five dual-diagonal type AF "points".

The Canon EOS 7D Mark II has 65 all cross-type AF points, but only one dual-diagonal "point" in the center, so it needs 132 pairs of lines. Compare it side-by-side to the 61-point system used in the 1D X Mark II, 5D Mark III, and 5D Mark IV.

The 7D Mark II also has dual DiG!C 6 imaging processors and another dedicated processor for the AF system. The 1D X Mark II and 5D Mark IV also have dedicated processors for the AF system in addition to the main image processor(s).

There's a lot of good information about high performance AF systems, including comparisons between the 7D Mark II, and the system shared by the 1D X Mark II, 5D Mark III, and 5D Mark IV in Autofocus section of The-Digital-Picture's review of the Canon EOS 7D Mark II.

There's also this rather informative "EOS 7D Mark II vs. EOS-1D X and EOS 5D Mark III TTL-SIR (Through The Lens Secondary Image Registration) AF Systems Comparison" written by long-time Canon USA technical advisor Chuck Westfall in response to an inquiry from Bryan Carnathan at The-Digital-Picture.

We've also got a few other questions here at Photography SE that look at various aspects of PDAF using dedicated AF sensors:

Does autofocus work better with f/2.8 lenses vs f/4 or slower?
Are cross-type focus points more accurate, or just faster?