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Question

I recently got into a discussion where the other person claimed that art is a form of communication. Bearing in mind that the definition of art is disputed, did any philosophers argue that a work requires an emotional state or an idea to be transmitted between two parties for it to be considered a work of 'art'? If so, does the communication have to be intended by the author or can it be incidental?

Yes, it would. Are you asking whether art can be used to communicate, or whether communication is required for something to be considered art? Is "communication" well defined? — Jul 21 at 21:03
I edited your question to make it comply with our policies, you can edit further or roll back the edit if it does not agree with your intentions. That art communicates something, and that most artists intend it is an empirical fact, what "something" is is more controversial, see IEP on Art Expression, Mothersill's Is Art a Language? and our Is music just another language? thread. — Jul 21 at 23:03

score 1 · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-26 07:37:46Z

Questions

Does art require an emotional state or an idea to be transmitted between two parties?

If so, does the communication have to be intended by the author or can it be incidental?

Added later (to @frankhubeny)

Does art create communication?

Or if art is communication?

Or perhaps that the former implies the latter?

Perhaps best to focus on

@Eliran summarized versions

Is art a form of communication?

What does it communicate exactly?

Here is...

Bob Dylan

Here is an example where message (communication) and art are inextricably linked.

And his Nobel prize citation

For having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition.

So the question whether art and the message(in this case pacifism) are linked is only non-trivially a question in the hi-brow «classical» tradition.

And that too only in the western tradition. It would become even easier to demonstrate from other-tradition material but for now I won't cite more art-examples.

Four levels of communication

Indian philosophy traditionally grades vak or vani into 4 gradations.

Vak is roughly speech and vani sound but we could treat them as communication.

The 4 grades or levels are

para

pashyanti

madhyama

vaikhari

Literally they would be

beyond or other

seeing

middle or intermediate

words

For philosophical purposes we could translate these as

transcendent

insight or intuition

mentalese (see Pinker1
The hypothetical language of thought, or representation of concepts and propositions in the brain, in which ideas, including the meanings of words and sentences, are couched

verbiage

A more elaborate explanation of these gradations by Robert Svoboda

Brings us to...

Real communication is communion

The deepest level of communication is not communication, but communion. It is wordless. It is beyond words. It is beyond speech. It is beyond concept. Not that we discover a new unity, but we discover an old unity. My dear brothers and sisters, we are already one. But we imagine we are not. And what we have to recover is our original unity. What we have to be, is what we are.

Fr. Thomas Merton

Some may find the following (copy-paste!) from Gurdjieff helpful.

Subjective and objective art

(Selections from Ouspensky's In search of the miraculous.
G is Gurdjieff)

At the moment it is not yet clear to you," G. once said, "that people living on the
earth can belong to very different levels, although in appearance they look exactly the same. Just as there are very different levels of men, so there are different levels of art.
Only you do not realize at present that the difference between these levels is far
greater than you might suppose. You take different things on one level, far too near
one another, and you think these different levels are accessible to you.

"I do not call art all that you call art, which is simply mechanical reproduction,
imitation of nature or other people, or simply fantasy, or an attempt to be original.
Real art is something quite different. Among works of art, especially works of ancient art, you meet with many things you cannot explain and which contain a certain something you do not feel in modem works of art. But as you do not realize what this
difference is you very soon forget it and continue to take everything as one kind of
art. And yet there is an enormous difference between your art and the art of which I
speak. In your art everything is subjective — the artists perception of this or that sensation; the forms in which he tries to express his sensations and the perception of these forms by other people. In one and the same phenomenon one artist may feel one
thing and another artist quite a different thing. One and the same sunset may evoke a feeling of joy in one artist and sadness in another. Two artists may strive to express
exactly the same perceptions by entirely different methods, in different forms; or
entirely different perceptions in the same forms — according to how they were taught,
or contrary to it. And the spectators, listeners, or readers will perceive, not what the artist wished to convey or what he felt, but what the forms in which he expresses his sensations will make them feel by association. Everything is subjective and
everything is accidental, that is to say, based on accidental associations — the impres-
sion of the artist and his 'creation'" (he emphasized the word "creation"), "the
perceptions of the spectators, listeners, or readers.

"In real art there is nothing accidental. It is mathematics. Everything in it can be
calculated, everything can be known beforehand. The artist knows and understands what he wants to convey and his work cannot produce one impression on one man and another impression on another presuming, of course, people on one level. It will always, and with mathematical certainty, produce one and the same impression.

"At the same time the same work of art will produce different impressions on people of different levels. And people of lower levels will never receive from it what people of higher levels receive. This is real, objective art. hnagine some scientific work — a book on asttonomy or chemistry. It is impossible that one person should understand it in one way and another in another way. Everyone who is sufficiently prepared and who is able to read this book will understand what the author means, and precisely as the author means it. An objective work of art is just such a book, except that it affects the emotional and not only the intellectual side of man."
"Do such works of objective art exist at the present day?" I asked. "Of course they
exist," answered G. "The great Sphinx in Egypt is such a work of art, as well as some
historically known works of architecture, certain statues of gods, and many other
things. There are figures of gods and of various mythological beings that can be read like books, only not with the mind but with the emotions, provided they are sufficiently developed. In the course of our travels in Central Asia we found, in the desert at the foot of the Hindu Kush, a strange figure which we thought at first was some ancient god or devil. At first it produced upon us simply the impression of being a curiosity. But after a while we began to feel that this figure contained many things, a
big, complete, and complex system of cosmology. And slowly, step by step, we began to decipher this system. It was in the body of the figure, in its legs, in its arms, in its head, in its eyes, in its ears; everywhere. In the whole statue there was nothing
accidental, nothing without meaning. And gradually we understood the aim of the
people who built this statue. We began to feel their thoughts, their feelings. Some of
us thought that we saw their faces, heard their voices. At all events, we grasped the
meaning of what they wanted to convey to us across thousands of years, and not only
the meaning, but all the feelings and the emotions connected with it as well. That
indeed was art!"

"Men have tried for a long time to invent a universal (philosophic) language," G said. "And in this instance, as in many others, they seek something which has long since been found and try to think of and invent something which has been known and in existence a long time. I said before that there exist not one but three universal languages, to speak more exactly, three degrees. The first degree of this language already makes it possible for people to express their owm thoughts and to understand the thoughts of others in relation to things concerning which ordinary language is powerless."

"In what relation do these languages stand to art?" someone asked. "And does not art itself represent that 'philosophical language' which others seek intellectually?"

I do not know of which art you speak," said G. "There is art and art. You have
doubtless noticed that during our lectures and talks 1 have often been asked various
questions by those present relating to art but I have always avoided talks on this
subject. This was because 1 consider all ordinary talks about art as absolutely
meaningless. People speak of one thing while they imply something quite different
and they have no idea whatever what they are implying. At the same time it is quite
useless to try to explain the real relationship of things to a man who does not know
the A B C about himself, that is to say, about man. We have talked together now for
some time and by now you ought to know this A B C, so that I can perhaps talk to you
now even about art.

"You must first of all remember that there are two kinds of art, one quite different
from the other — objective art and subjective art. All that you know, all that you call art, is subjective art, that is, something that I do not call art at all because it is only objective art that I call art.

"To define what I call objective art is difficult first of all because you ascribe to subjective art the characteristics of objective art, and secondly because when you happen upon objective works of art you take them as being on the same level as subjective works of art.

"I will try to make my idea clear. You say — an artist creates. I say this only in
connection with objective art. In relation to subjective art I say that with him 'it is
created.' You do not differentiate between these, but this is where the whole
difference lies. Further you ascribe to subjective art an invariable action, that is, you expect works of subjective art to have the same reaction on everybody. You think, for instance, that a funeral march should provoke in everyone sad and solemn thoughts and that any dance music, a komarinsky for instance, will provoke happy thoughts.
But in actual fact this is not so at all. Everything depends upon association. If on a day that a great misfortime happens to me I hear some lively tune for the first time this
tune will evoke in me sad and oppressive thoughts for my whole life afterwards. And
if on a day when I am particularly happy I hear a sad tune, this tune will always evoke
happy thoughts. And so with everything else.

"The difference between objective art and subjective art is that in objective art the
artist really does 'create,' that is, he makes what he intended, he puts into his work
whatever ideas and feelings he wants to put into it. And the action of this work upon
men is absolutely definite; they will, of course each according to his own level, receive the same ideas and the same feelings that the artist wanted to transmit to them. There can be nothing accidental either in the creation or in the impressions of objective art.

"In subjective art everything is accidental. The artist, as I have already said, does not create; with him 'it creates itself This means that he is in the power of ideas, thoughts, and moods which he himself does not understand and over which he has no
control whatever. They rule him and they express themselves in one form or another.
And when they have accidentally taken this or that fonn, this form just as accidentally
produces on man this or that action according to his mood, tastes, habits, the nature of the hypnosis under which he lives, and so on. There is nothing invariable; nothing is definite here. In objective art there is nothing indefinite."

"Would not art disappear in being definite in this way?" asked one of us. "And is
not a certain indefiniteness, elusiveness, exactly what distinguishes art from, let us
say, science? If this indefiniteness is taken away, if you take away the fact that the
artist himself does not know what he will obtain or what impression his work will
produce on people, it will then be a 'book' and not art."

"I do not know what you are talking about," said G. "We have different standards: I
measure the merit of art by its consciousness and you measure it by its
unconsciousness. We cannot understand one another. A work of objective art ought to
be a 'book' as you. call it; the only difference is that the artist transmits his ideas not
directly through words or signs or hieroglyphs, but through certain feelings which he excites consciously and in an orderly way, knowing what he is doing and why he does it."

score 5 · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-23 13:06:27Z

Beethoven is reported to have said (my emphases)

When I open my eyes I must sigh, for what I see is contrary to my religion, and I must despise the world which does not know that music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy, the wine which inspires one to new generative processes, and I am the Bacchus who presses out this glorious wine for mankind and makes them spiritually drunken. When they are again become sober they have drawn from the sea all that they brought with them, all that they can bring with them to dry land. I have not a single friend, I must live alone. But well I know that God is nearer to me than to other artists; I associate with Him without fear; I have always recognized and understood Him and have no fear for my music — it can meet no evil fate. Those who understand it must be freed by it from all the miseries which the others drag about with themselves.

Music, verily, is the mediator between intellectual and sensuous life.

Speak to Goethe about me. Tell him to hear my symphonies and he will say that I am right in saying that music is the one incorporeal entrance into the higher world of knowledge which comprehends mankind but which mankind cannot comprehend.

While this is a nice quote from Beethoven I don't see how it answers the question. Is art a form of communication according to this quote? What does it communicate exactly? — Jul 21 at 23:48
Pertinent question @Eliran. Need to run just now (doc). Will write in a bit. — Jul 22 at 0:53
@eliran Beethoven I cannot improve! And he covers the question. But some may find him too poetic to be clear. So I've made a separate answer and left Beethoven alone! — Jul 23 at 12:58

Frank HubenyFrank Hubeny 13.6k5 gold badges17 silver badges67 bronze badges · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-21 14:03:55Z

I agree with Rusi's answer. This provides another way to consider art as a form of communication even when unintended.

Michael Polanyi claims the following about knowledge in general: (page 7)

...all knowledge is either tacit or rooted in tacit knowledge.

If that is the case then any form of explicit communication is rooted in tacit knowledge. This may help answer the OP's second question:

...does the communication have to be intended by the author or can it be incidental?

Whatever the author is explicitly trying to communicate can be considered a form of knowledge. If so it is rooted in tacit knowledge even for the author. The full communication is more than what is intended by the author and so there is an "incidental" or tacit component.

Then consider the first question:

...would you agree that a work requires an emotional state or idea to be transmitted between two parties for it to be considered 'art'?

The author may have no explicit intention to communicate anything to the reader. However, the communication itself creates an explicit statement. When the reader attempts to understand that statement, which may be meaningless to the author, a tacit component is introduced by the reader creating an unintended communication from the author to the reader.

Polanyi, M. (1966). The logic of tacit inference. Philosophy, 41(155), 1-18.

Very elegantly put, but can you clarify if you mean that art creates communication or if art is communication, or perhaps that the former implies the latter? — Jul 21 at 16:47
On one hand you're backing up claims with references, but on the other hand you're making questionable inferences with no justification. "If that is the case then any form of explicit communication is rooted in tacit knowledge." why? Lying is a form of communication. Is that also a kind of knowledge? — Jul 21 at 16:57
@Mossmyr As I see it thinking of Polanyi, art both creates and is communication. The part one can point to as an object is the explicit part. What's tacit allows for understanding of what that art object, that explicit part, means. — Jul 21 at 18:09

Ted WrigleyTed Wrigley 6459 bronze badges · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-21 14:17:37Z

Communication is merely the act of sharing mental contexts: thoughts, ideas, knowledge, feelings, perceptions, etc... Any human sense can be used as a channel for communication by codifying a mental context into a form perceptible to that sense. For instance, if I tap someone on the shoulder, click my tongue, and point, I can effectively communicate an intention. Communication is a mysterious and poorly understood activity, but it is not difficult to see because it infuses most of human life.

Art is always an attempt to share a mental context usually an emotional context — and so art is always a form of communication.

Of course, every channel of communication is subject to static and white noise: mere production of sensory experience not codified to share any significant mental context. On a certain level humans (like parakeets) are comforted by bland sensation, a kind of primal instinct that feels the world in safe so long as there is an ongoing stream of insignificant experiences. But we should not allow such noise to drown out the signal.

Is art always an attempt to share a mental context? Can't I paint a painting simply to enjoy the process, or is that a form of communication as well? — Jul 21 at 16:58
In the most trivial sense, every form of expression is meant to share a mental context. When a mother picks up an infant and sings a nursery rhyme, she is trying to communicate a calm, happy, sleepy mental state to the infant. But if you mean communication in the non-trivial (serious) sense of the term, then not even language is always an effort to share a mental context. A good 90% of modern media is mere drivel with no purpose except to fill silence. If you want to vapidly enjoy yourself you can paint, talk with a friend about The Bachelorette, post something on Twitter... — Jul 21 at 19:15

TjaapTjaap 211 bronze badge · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-21 22:42:46Z

I started working at an art school a few months ago, and have since been asking myself what I think counts as art.

The whole definition problem started when our cultural understanding of what art is became divorced from the concept of artisanship -- instead becoming linked to ideas about inspiration, uniqueness and genius (which lead to celebrity artists).

Even in the olden days I imagine, whether a cavemen was good at drawing oxen or whether a sculptor was skilled in making marble busts was up for debate. But now that artworks can be mainly conceptual (should be, according to many), what counts as art is even more complicated to lay down.

Anyone can have their own definition, of what art is and what isn't and what it should be. I too have a certain standard, but I won't bore you with that. Someone wants to call art a form of communication? Sure! Join the club and let's have a beer.

Ironically, the study of human communication has the same problem. I have a masters degree in Communication Science, and from what I remember learning at university, anything can be considered communication. Researchers studied anything from the cultural norms expressed in private letters between migrants and the families they left behind, to long-term effects of television soap operas on society as a whole. Each separate field of research may use a different definition of communication, which is fine. Communication Science is about asking 'what is going on between people communicating' (be it mediated or not, personal, many-to-many or one-to-many), and 'what is the result of all that communicating', and both questions are interesting and hard enough as it is. What truly counts as communication is not very interesting nor very useful as a general question.

Whether art counts as communication is, in my opinion, also a rather useless question. Art can be anything you define it to be. People have been shitting in cans and then had those cans be displayed in museums (see Merda d'artista). People who just put an entire pharmacy in an art gallery (Damian Hirst) have been applauded as exciting, innovative artists. Communication can also be anything you define it to be. Trying to define one as the other may sound interesting, but don't expect to gain any useful knowledge from the exercise.

lucasgcblucasgcb 1184 bronze badges · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-22 09:28:10Z

If we take communication as a mean to transmit information, with information allowed to be something as simple as one's sentiment, and with art having be sensed in some way, even if it is to sense its void, then I fail to see how art can not be communication.

Like other answers brought up, Art is a contested term. Fundamentally, however, it is an expression. An expression carries information about one's sentiments; showcasing something that is pleasing to the artist, or something that is painful, or just what is. The scratches, etchings, whines and scribbles that may result from a subconscious fragment of one's state of mind are still expression, carrying equally blurred information even if it is just "I exist".

Ultimately, those who create art from being hired to do so are also communicating their understanding of what is being requested, regardless how they feel about it.

score 0 · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-23 14:00:38Z

The best concept of art I've heard was from a teacher I've admired a lot at the university:

art is the communication of feelings

So, yes.

In addition, this teacher mentioned the relationship of art with technique and science, apparently suggested by Mario Bunge for any discipline: science is knowledge (e.g. Musical theory). Technique is what we can do with our hands (e.g. playing the piano). Art is the communication of feelings (e.g. communicate emotions by means of technique and knowledge).

You can have any one of those three, they are independent one of the others. If you know the science of leather and the technique to make shoes you are not guaranteed to have buyers. But if you can communicate an emotion with the shoes you make (e.g. "they are beautiful!" or "I would feel strong with these"), then you will probably succeed.

score 1 · Accepted Answer · 2019-07-26 07:37:46Z