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I am new to Magento. Please tell me where the errors are stored in Magento?

1. After Magento Installation, you should set the developer mode by this command

php bin/magento deploy:mode:set developer

By setting Developer Mode, Errors are displayed in the browser and can be seen by users.

2. You can check the errors for var/log and var/reports folder

Errors that get in var/reports are more detailed.

3. This will display PHP errors in the browser.

You can enable display error reporting from index.php in magento root directory index.php, you can add below code after the starting of <?php

ini_set('display_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);

4. Enable Template Path Hints

The ‘Template path hints’ is a diagnostic tool that adds notation with the path on each template of Magento 2 platform, login to your Magento 2 Admin panel,

STORES > Configuration > ADVANCED > Developer > Debug >

Set Enabled Template Path Hints for Storefront, Enabled Template Path Hints for Admin, and Add Block Class types to Hints to YES.

5. Remove Cache:- Always remember to cache:flush after the changes, this will solve most of the problems and give permission to var/ folder.

chmod -R 777 var/ pub/ generated/
php bin/magento cache:clean
php bin/magento cache:flush
rm -rf var/generation/ var/view_preprocessed/ pub/static/frontend/ pub/static/_requirejs/ var/cache var/di var/page_cache pub/static/_cache

Hope it helps.

Logs will be presented in the following folder in magento 2,

magento_root/var/log/

Each log is intended for capturing different logs.

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You can also check errors directlr in browser if you change the Magento mode to developer if it is used in local environment.Initially it will be in default mode

It can be changed in following file,

magento_root/app/etc/env.php

'MAGE_MODE' => 'developer'

See Magento error reports in the var/log folder.
Generally, you can see 2 files there: system.log and exception.log.
system.log
Magento 2 runs in the production mode (not developer mode) then it does not show the actual error message on the screen, but shows a generic message: There has been an error processing your request and creates a detailed error report in the var/reports folder. You can find the error report file there by its report ID which is shown on the screen.