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TakwimFasa Bulan


Bahasa Inggeristakwimfasa bulantahuntahun tropikamusimtahun najamburujbulan purnamaIbraniBuddhaHinduBurmaBenggalaTibetCinaJepunVietnamMongolKoreaYunaniColignyBabylonpra-HijrahArab Selatantahun tropikatahun najamTakwim Hijrahtakwim qamariJuliusGregorytakwim suriaEaster












Takwim qamari-suria




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Takwim qamari-suria (Bahasa Inggeris: Lunisolar calendar) merupakan sejenis takwim (kalendar) yang mana tarikhnya menandakan fasa bulan dan waktu dalam tahun suria sekali gus. Jika tahun suria bertakrifkan tahun tropika, maka takwim qamari-suria menandakan musim; jika bertakrifkan tahun najam, maka takwim meramalkan buruj yang dekat dengan waktu bulan purnama. Lazimnya terdapat satu keperluan tambahan yang mana setahun mesti terdiri daripada sejumlah bulan yang lengkap, iaitu kebanyakan tahun ada 12 bulan kecuali setiap tahun kedua atau ketiga yang berbulan 13.



Contoh |


Takwim-takwim Ibrani, Buddha, Hindu,Burma, Benggala, dan Tibet, di samping takwim-takwim tradisional Cina, Jepun, Vietnam, Mongol dan Korea dan juga takwim-takwim kuno Yunani, Coligny, dan Babylon rata-rata berbentuk qamari-suria. Begitu juga, sesetengah takwim pra-Hijrah di Arab Selatan berlandaskan sistem qamari-suria.[1] Takwim-takwim Cina, Coligny dan Ibrani sedikit sebanyak mengikut tahun tropika sementara takwim-takwim Buddha dan Hindu mengikut tahun najam. Oleh itu, takwim-takwim Cina, Coligny dan
Ibrani membayangkan musim sementara takwim-takwim Buddha dan Hindu membayangkan kedudukan bulan purnama dengan buruj. Takwim Tibet dipengaruhi oleh takwim Cina dan Hindu.


Takwim Hijrah merupakan takwim qamari, tetapi bukan takwim qamari-suria kerana tariknya tidak berkaitan dengan matahari. Takwim-takwim Julius dan Gregory pula adalah takwim suria kerana tarikh-tarikhnya tidak menandakan fasa bulan; namun demikian, takwim-takwim Gregory dan Julius turut merujuk pada fasa bulan untuk menghitung hari Easter.



Rujukan |




  1. ^ F.C. De Blois, "TAʾRĪKH": I.1.iv. "Pre-Islamic and agricultural calendars of the Arabian peninsula", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, X:260.










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